條目
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條目是百科全書所含內容的基礎分割單位(在詞典中則稱為詞條)，有一個單一的主題，用於闡述一件事物、一個人物、或他們具備特定主題的組合，並且對該對條目所描述之事物作出一個客觀的介定。
大小條目主義
在百科全書編篡中，一直有大小條目主義之爭。小條目主義以《布羅克豪斯社交詞典》為代表，突出了百科全書的工具書性質，方便查閱；但是與大條目主義的百科全書相比，則往往喪失了知識的系統性<ref name="金常政" />Template:Rp。
條目的組成與常用原則
百科全書的條目包括標題、正文內容和圖表等。在百科全書的編纂中，條目的命名非常重要。好的命名應該便於檢索，有學者認為條目應該都是獨立的主題，應以方便讀者的檢索為準則。另外，條目的主題應該是客觀形成的，而不是人為擬定的。例如海灣戰爭是客觀存在的事實，而「狗的神話」則是人為擬定的主題<ref name="胡人瑞">胡人瑞，百科全書選條的幾個問題，編輯之友.2001(4).-36-39</ref>
條目的命名應該清晰明確，不能含糊不清。例如「新型武器」，很難界定「新型」的劃分<ref name="胡人瑞" />。
百科全書條目的選擇有一些共通性的原則<ref name="胡人瑞" />：
- 獨立主體原則：主體應該是相對獨立的，就像我們去一個公司辦事，我們先想到的是公司的名稱、地址，而不是其中的某個部門。
- 客觀形成原則：這個主題應該是人們在了解，改造世界的過程中客觀形成，為人所熟知，而不是人為擬定的。如創世神話是一個客觀存在的神話題材類型，但是狗的神話就是一個人為概括的主題。因此缺少公認的規範性和確定性。
- 單一主題原則：如時間和空間是兩個主題，應該分設。
- 準確性原則：條目的名稱應該準確的表明條目的主題。
- 通用性原則：應該使用規範的或約定俗成的名稱。
- 名詞性原則：條目名稱應該是名詞性的，靜止的。如「解放海南島」應該改成「海南島戰役」
- 簡要性原則：如使用唐詩，而不用唐代詩歌。
- 非研究原則：百科全書不是研究論文。
- 非應用原則：百科全書不是為了指導具體的應用。
此外，條目之間還具有組群關係。例如太陽系中的各大行星條目就屬於一個同類型的條目組群。條目組群還包括所謂的「母子條」、「世系條」等具有從屬關係的條目<ref name="金常政" />Template:Rp。例如著名的網絡百科全書英文維基百科就有「特色主題」的評選，來挑選出撰寫非常優秀的一組相互有關聯的條目<ref>{{
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參見系統
百科條目中常常會使用參見系統，將與主題相關的知識串聯起來。最早使用參見方法的的義大利人班迪尼編寫的《宇宙大事源》<ref name="金常政" />Template:Rp。
在《大英百科全書》中，參見用q.v.(拉丁文quod vide的縮寫)或see來表示，《布羅克豪斯百科全書》用→，《邁耶百科詞典》用↑，《劍橋百科全書》用>>，中文百科全書則一般用楷體字表示參見。<ref name="金常政" />Template:Rp
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